which statement is true concerning the story of jackie, the trial lawyer

What was the significance of the court-martial of Jackie Robinson?

Oct 25, 2016 · Jackie’s last name has never been released by the court and she will not take the stand as a live witness during the trial. Eramo and Erdely both …

What happened to Jackie in the deposition?

Moreover, Cline later remembered telling Robinson that he “had little trial experience.” In fact, Jackie Robinson’s court-martial would be his first adversarial proceeding. 126 In his...

What was Jackie Robinson’s first adversarial proceeding?

Which of the following statements are true concerning the outcome of the Zenger trial. Zinger went free because his lawyer argued that for something to be considered libel it must be false ... Which of the following is the most likely reason why Jackie evolved from being a content consumer to a content producer.

Why does Jackie O have trouble remembering her assault?

Dec 13, 2021 · Jackie is a hardworking mother and grandmother; she is also the Managing Director of her own business. From humble beginnings, Jackie endured hardships during her childhood, spending time in Women’s Refuge and working from a young age to help support her mother and siblings.She has been married for 26 years and resides on the Hibiscus Coast with …

What was the trial of Jack Robinson?

United States vs. 2LT Jack R. Robinson, a trial by general court-martial, began at 1345 at Camp Hood on 2 August 1944, a mere twenty-six days after the incident that precipitated it. 132 Preliminary matters such as the accused’s defense counsel selection, challenges to members (Robinson and his team made none), and swearing of the government and members were handled by the TJA and the President. Robinson was then arraigned on the two remaining charges. The record reflected that that the government did not make an opening statement. Though the record does not specifically mention that the defense made no opening statement, it is unlikely that one was made. The Manual for Courts-Martial allowed for the defense to make an opening “immediately following the [government’s] opening statement.” 133 If the government made no opening at the outset of trial, the defense could make one only in “exceptional cases.” 134

What happened to Jackie Robinson?

On the evening of 6 July 1944, Robinson set out from McCloskey Hospital and traveled to Camp Hood’s colored officers’ club to visit friends and socialize. 18 He remained there for several hours socializing, but did not drink, as Robinson was a teetotaler. 19 Several hours later, he boarded a bus near the club to return to the hospital. 20

What university did Jackie Robinson attend?

Major Charles O. Mowder, another member, was a graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles —the University that Robinson himself attended and made himself known nationally, but ultimately did not graduate from. 122 Major Mowder, though, graduated UCLA in 1934, years before Robinson attended.

Who took Robinson's statement?

Having taken Robinson’s statement in the early hours of 7 July, over the next two full days, he would take sworn statement accounts from various witnesses who interacted with Robinson at the bus station or later at the MP station. More than a dozen individuals—enlisted MPs, civilian witnesses, as well as four fellow officers, including Bear and Wigginton—would provide sworn statements as part of Bear’s investigation. 59 All portrayed Robinson in a negative light.

What was Jackie Robinson's role in the Army?

As a former four-letter collegiate athlete drafted into the Army in April 1942, Jackie Robinson was the ideal model of a citizen turned Soldier. 8 An enlisted cavalryman and later cavalry officer at Fort Riley, Kansas, Robinson experienced early in his career the racism of a segregated Army. 9 During one incident at this western Army post, Robinson would be denied admittance to the post’s baseball team, being told that he could play only on the “colored team.” 10 In April 1944, Robinson was transferred to the now fabled 761st Tank Battalion at Camp Hood, Texas, to assume the position of tank platoon leader. 11 Formed in 1942 and classified as a “colored” unit, the 761st Tank Battalion was typical of the how the Army employed African-American Soldiers: all African-American enlisted Soldiers led by all white field-grade officers and a mix of white and African-American officers at the company-grade level. 12 Robinson would serve in the 761st for just three months before an ankle condition would threaten to sideline his promising military career. 13

Who was the first witness to testify against Robinson?

The government’s first witness was CPT Gerald Bear. 138 On direct examination, Bear relayed to the court the circumstances of how he met Robinson on the night of 6 July 1944, the general layout of the two adjoining rooms with the Dutch door separating them, and which military members were present at the MP station. 139 Bear testified that he had to order Robinson away from the door “on several occasions” as Bear was speaking to Wigginton, the MPs and PFC Mucklerath. 140 He described Robinson complying with these orders by sarcastically bowing, and saluting him with his palms facing out in an exaggerated manner, and replying sarcastically “O.K., Sir. O.K., Sir. O.K., Sir.” 141 Bear then described several other acts, like Robinson’s slow manner of walking and speech that he found “contemptuous and disrespectful.” 142 The defense objected to this testimony as conclusory. 143 The Law Member sustained the objection, but the tactic backfired as the TJA now had ample reason to go over in detail these acts that formed the basis of Bear’s belief that Robinson was disrespectful. 144

What was Robinson charged with?

Robinson’s suspicion or indication that he would be court-martialed would prove correct. In the latter half of July, Robinson felt the swift hand of WWII-era military justice. On 17 July, he was formally charged with six distinct violations of the Articles of War, the precursor to the modern Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). 84

What happened to Jackie Robinson?

A 1937 football injury left Robinson with a floating bone chip in his right heel that plagued him throughout his military career. To determine his fitness for continued service, Robinson was required to undergo an Army Retiring Board physical assessment.

What was Jackie Robinson's role in the Army?

As a former four-letter collegiate athlete drafted into the Army in April 1942, Jackie Robinson was the ideal model of a citizen turned Soldier. An enlisted cavalryman and later cavalry officer at Fort Riley, Kansas, Robinson experienced early in his career the racism of a segregated Army.

Who broke the color barrier in baseball?

No one alive today would remember this short proceeding had the accused not been the future American icon and baseball legend, Jackie Robinson. Destined to break the baseball color barrier on April 15, 1947, he would go on to win many baseball accolades before becoming a businessperson and civil rights champion.

Who was Virginia Jones?

When he stepped aboard the Army’s shuttle bus, Robinson recognized Virginia Jones, the wife of a fellow African-American lieutenant in the 761st Tank Battalion who lived in nearby Belton. Jones was sitting in the middle of the bus, and Robinson, as an acquaintance, sat down next to her.

What was Robinson charged with?

Robinson’s suspicion or indication that he would be court-martialed would prove correct. In the latter half of July, Robinson felt the swift hand of WWII-era military justice. On July 17, he was formally charged with six distinct violations of the Articles of War, the precursor to the modern Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ).

Who referenced Inspector General?

It is unknown why Colonels Buie and Kimball referenced an “Inspector.” It hardly seems likely that they were referencing an Army Inspector General. It is almost certain that they were speaking about who was to serve as the investigation officer at Robinson’s upcoming Article 70 investigation; today known as an Article 32 hearing, the purpose was essentially the same.

Is a WWII court martial the same as a military court martial?

A WWII-era court-martial was fundamentally similar to today’s U.S. military court-martial. And, while recognizable as an American court of law, there are some major differences between a court-martial convened under the Articles of War and the UCMJ, a few that are worth noting in order to understand the story fully.

2LT Jack R. Robinson

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July 6, 1944

The Investigation and Statements

The Charges

The Article 70 Investigation

A WWII Court-Martial

The Members

The Court-Martial

The Government’S Case

The Defense’S Case