Question What Scottish clergyman and lawyer was sent to Anagni to put the Scots case for independence ?Bishop Wishart Dun Scotus Bishop Lamberton Baldred Bisset History European History Answer & Explanation Unlock full access to Course Hero Explore over 16 million step-by-step answers from our library Get answer
Witherspoon carved out his place in both Scottish and American history in the mid to late 18th Century through his pastoral work in Paisley. He was later elected to the presidency of New Jersey...
Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots (Latin: Malleus Scotorum), was King of England from 1272 to 1307. Before his …
Nicola Sturgeon, (born July 19, 1970, Irvine, North Ayrshire, Scotland), first minister of Scotland and leader of the Scottish National Party (2014– ), Scotland’s fifth leader—and first woman …
The First War of Scottish Independence can be loosely divided into four phases: the initial English invasion and success in 1296; the campaigns led by William Wallace, Andrew de Moray and various Scottish Guardians from 1297 until John Comyn (the "Red Comyn") negotiated for the general Scottish submission in February 1304; the renewed campaigns led by Robert the Bruce following his killing of the Red Comyn in Dumfries in 1306 to his and the Scottish victory at Bannockburn in 1314; and a final phase of Scottish diplomatic initiatives and military campaigns in Scotland, Ireland and Northern England from 1314 until the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton in 1328.
Two days later, in Upsettlington, the Guardians of the Realm and the leading Scottish nobles gathered to swear allegiance to King Edward I as Lord Paramount. All Scots were also required to pay homage to Edward I, either in person or at one of the designated centres by 27 July 1291.
Finally, on 3 October 1357, David was released under the Treaty of Berwick, under which the Scots agreed to pay an enormous ransom of 100,000 merks for him (1 merk was 2⁄3 of an English pound) payable in 10 years. Heavy taxation was needed to provide funds for the ransom, which was to be paid in instalments, and David alienated his subjects by using the money for his own purposes. The country was in a sorry state then; she had been ravaged by war and also the Black Death. The first instalment of the ransom was paid punctually. The second was late and after that no more could be paid.
The First War (1296–1328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton in 1328. The Second War (1332–1357) began with the English-supported invasion by Edward Balliol and the 'Disinherited' in 1332, and ended in 1357 with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick. The wars were part of a great crisis for Scotland and the period became one of the most defining times in its history. At the end of both wars, Scotland retained its status as an independent state. The wars were important for other reasons, such as the emergence of the longbow as a key weapon in medieval warfare .
In October, Sir Archibald Douglas, now Guardian of Scotland, made a truce with Balliol, supposedly to let the Scottish Parliament assemble and decide who their true king was. Emboldened by the truce, Balliol dismissed most of his English troops and moved to Annan, on the north shore of the Solway Firth.
They also negotiated a treaty by which the Scots would invade England if the English invaded France, and in return the French would support the Scots. The treaty would be sealed by the arranged marriage of John's son Edward and Philip's niece Joan. Another treaty with King Eric II of Norway was hammered out, in which for the sum of 50,000 groats he would supply 100 ships for four months of the year, so long as hostilities between France and England continued. Although Norway never acted, the Franco-Scottish alliance, later known as the Auld Alliance, was renewed frequently until 1560.
Edward Balliol returned to Scotland soon afterwards with a small force, in a final attempt to recover Scotland. He only succeeded in gaining control of some of Galloway, with his power diminishing there until 1355. He finally resigned his claim to the Scottish throne in January 1356 and died childless in 1364.
The situation changed again on 10 February 1306, when Robert the Bruce murdered his rival John Comyn, and a few weeks later, on 25 March, was crowned King of Scotland by Isobel, sister of the Earl of Buchan. Bruce now embarked on a campaign to restore Scottish independence, and this campaign took the English by surprise. Edward was suffering ill health by this time, and instead of leading an expedition himself, he gave different military commands to Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and Henry Percy, 1st Baron Percy, while the main royal army was led by the Prince of Wales. The English initially met with success; on 19 June, Aymer de Valence routed Bruce at the Battle of Methven. Bruce was forced into hiding, while the English forces recaptured their lost territory and castles.
Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on the night of 17–18 June 1239, to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence. Edward is an Anglo-Saxon name, and was not commonly given among the aristocracy of England after the Norman conquest, but Henry was devoted to the veneration of Edward the Confessor, and decided to name his firstborn son after the saint. Among his childhood friends was his cousin Henry of Almain, son of King Henry's brother Richard of Cornwall. Henry of Almain remained a close companion of the prince, both through the civil war that followed, and later during the crusade. Edward was in the care of Hugh Giffard – father of the future Chancellor Godfrey Giffard – until Bartholomew Pecche took over at Giffard's death in 1246.
The years 1264–1267 saw the conflict known as the Second Barons' War, in which baronial forces led by Simon de Montfort fought against those who remained loyal to the King. The first scene of battle was the city of Gloucester, which Edward managed to retake from the enemy. When Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, came to the assistance of the rebels, Edward negotiated a truce with the Earl, the terms of which Edward later broke. He then captured Northampton from Simon de Montfort the Younger before embarking on a retaliatory campaign against Derby's lands. The baronial and royalist forces finally met at the Battle of Lewes, on 14 May 1264. Edward, commanding the right wing, performed well, and soon defeated the London contingent of Montfort's forces. Unwisely, however, he followed the scattered enemy in pursuit, and on his return found the rest of the royal army defeated. By the agreement known as the Mise of Lewes, Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as hostages to Montfort.
The motive behind Edward's change of heart could have been purely pragmatic; Montfort was in a good position to support his cause in Gascony. When the King left for France in November, Edward's behaviour turned into pure insubordination. He made several appointments to advance the cause of the reformers, causing his father to believe that Edward was considering a coup d'état. When the King returned from France, he initially refused to see his son, but through the mediation of the Earl of Cornwall and Boniface, Archbishop of Canterbury, the two were eventually reconciled. Edward was sent abroad, and in November 1260 he again united with the Lusignans, who had been exiled to France.
His speech, despite a lisp, was said to be persuasive.". In 1254 English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English province of Gascony induced King Henry to arrange a politically expedient marriage between fifteen-year-old Edward and thirteen-year-old Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile.
Currently, Edward I is credited with many accomplishments during his reign, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III, establishing Parliament as a permanent institution and thereby also a functional system for raising taxes, and reforming the law through statutes.
In 1284, King Edward had his son Edward (later Edward II) born at Caernarfon Castle, probably to make a deliberate statement about the new political order in Wales. David Powel, a 16th-century clergyman, suggested that the baby was offered to the Welsh as a prince "that was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English", but there is no evidence to support this account. In 1301 at Lincoln, the young Edward became the first English prince to be invested with the title of Prince of Wales, when the King granted him the Earldom of Chester and lands across North Wales. The King seems to have hoped that this would help in the pacification of the region, and that it would give his son more financial independence.
Sturgeon’s opposition to the austerity policies of Prime Minister David Cameron’s government had been a focus of her campaign, whereas the Conservatives intimated that a victory for Labour and SNP gains would lead to a Labour-SNP coalition government with an agenda driven by the Scottish desire for independence.
Nicola Sturgeon —who had succeeded Salmond as leader of the SNP and first minister in 2014—chose not to form a coalition government, opting instead for minority rule in the belief that election results were still a mandate for her party to continue in power alone. Not…
Once again, Sturgeon began to set her sights on independence, but before she could hone that focus she was confronted with two more pressing challenges: a scandal involving her former mentor, Salmond, and the global coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic that would thoroughly disrupt life in Scotland and the world in 2020.
The first minister was an active advocate for the “Remain” campaign in the run-up to the June 23 referendum on whether the United Kingdom should leave the European Union ( EU; “Brexit”). Some 62 percent of Scots who participated in the referendum agreed with Sturgeon, but the United Kingdom as a whole voted to leave (about 52 percent to about 48 percent). In the wake of that outcome, Sturgeon hinted that she might put a new referendum on Scottish independence on the table. She also unsuccessfully sought to negotiate separate trade and immigration protocols for Scotland with David Davis, the U.K. Brexit secretary.
However, Scottish voters, apparently unready to vote again on independence, handed Sturgeon and the SNP a major setback at the polls in the snap election called by May for June 2017, as the party’s representation in Westminster fell by 21 seats.
Knowing that she had the support of the Green Party (winner of 8 seats) on the issue of independence, however, Sturgeon indicated that she would renew the push for indyref2, despite Johnson’s opposition. But she said that before the issue of the referendum could be foregrounded, the coronavirus had to be tamed.
As May was triggering the separation negotiations with the EU in late March, Sturgeon won support from the Scottish Parliament to formally request that the British government grant Scotland the powers to hold a new independence referendum by spring 2019, when Britain was expected to formally leave the EU.
John Wilson of Delaware (died 1712) ; Nathaniel Taylor, who came here from Scotland with his congregation and settled in Upper Marlborough, Maryland, about 1690; Rev. George MacNish, who came to America in 1705; Rev. Robert Orr, ordained and installed at Maidenhead in 1715; Rev. George Gillespie, who came to America in 1712, bearing a letter of recommendation from Principal Sterling to Cotton Mather; Rev. James Anderson, ordained by Presbytery of Irvine, Ayrshire, in 1708, and came to the colonies the year following, and died in 1760; Rev. John Moorhead, born near Belfast, and educated in Scotland (died 1773) ; Rev. John Elder, minister of Paxton and Derry, from 1738 to 1792; Rev. John Hogg, licensed by the Presbytery of Newcastle, Delaware, October, 1753; Rev. John Miller, of Scottish parentage, born in Boston in 1722; Rev. Samuel Kennedy, minister of the congregation of Basking Ridge, New Jersey, for thirty-seven years (1750-1787), was born in Scotland; Rev. Henry Patillo, born in Scotland in 1726, was licensed to preach by the Pres bytery of Hanover in 1757; Rev. James Latta, ordained by the Presbytery of Philadelphia in 1759; Rev. William Arthur, born in Peebles in 1769, held a charge in Paisley, and in 1793 came to the United States; Rev. Alexander McWhorter, minister in Newark. New Jersey (died 1807).
Samuel Auchmuty (1725-1777), D.D., another distinguished minister of the Episcopal Church, was born in Boston of Scottish parents. He was graduated at Harvard University and afterwards studied divinity at Oxford. On his return to the United States he became assistant rector of Trinity Church, New York, and afterwards had charge of all the Episcopal churches in the city.
The Rev. Richard Webster in his exhaustive History of the Presbyterian Church in America has traced the nativity of two hundred ministers before 1760, and of these fifty-five were Ulster-Scots, twenty-six were from Scotland direct, six were from England, five from Wales, seventy-three were native born, many of Ulster-Scots and Scots parentage, and of the remaining thirty-three their places of nativity were unknown.
Here he educated his three sons, Gilbert (1703-1764), William (1705-1777), John (1706-1732) ; all of whom worthily carried forward their father’s ministry in the Colonies. Among his pupils were such distinguished men as Samuel Blair, John Rowland, James McCrea, William Robinson, John Blair, Samuel Finley, John Roan, Charles Beatty, Daniel Lawrence and William Dean; earnest preachers of the Word and many of them interested in the early educational life of the country.
Samuel Finley (1715-1766) was born of Scottish parents in County Armagh, Ireland, and came to America in 1734. He completed his education at the Log College and preached in New Jersey, Connecticut and Indiana. With other Log College graduates he was active in securing the charter for the College of New Jersey, now Princeton, and succeeded to the presidency in 1761. His brother; Rev. James Finley, was also a noted educator and pioneer missionary of the Presbyterian Church. Dr. John Huston Finley, Commissioner of Education for the State of New York, is a descendant of Rev. James Finley.
In more recent years, James MacAlister, M.A., LL.D., one of the foremost educators of America, was born in Glasgow in 1840. After studying in Glasgow University for some years he came to the United States and completed his education in Brown University, Providence. He became Superintendent of Public Schools in Milwaukee in 1874, and in 1878 he became a Regent of State Normal schools in Wisconsin. He published a number of important works on educational subjects, including a Manual of Primary Education (1884), Manual of Instruction in United States History and Civil Government (1887), Manual Training in the Public Schools of Philadelphia (1890), etc. In 1891 he became President of the Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, and the success of that institution has been attributed largely to his wise management. Dr. MacAlister died December 11, 1913.
Rev. Dr. William Smith (1723-1803), a native of Aberdeen, was educated in Aberdeen University, and came to America in 1751 as a missionary of the established Anglican Church. He was the first provost of the Academy and College of Philadelphia (afterward the University of Pennsylvania), and held the office for twenty-five years with great honour. As a clergyman, he was one of the most profound and eloquent of his day. He was a liberal and practical educator and one of the founders of the American Philosophical Society.